jn

Usage notes
This particle comes at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. It can be used alongside the interrogative particle or by itself as the sole such particle.

In adverbial sentences with, the particle regularly follows , and nominal sentences with  can also have it followed by. Verb forms that use as an initial particle in main clauses also usually have  followed by  in yes/no questions.

Preposition

 * 1) ; by

Usage notes
Introduces the subject or topic of the sentence. The agent it introduces cannot be a personal pronoun.

Allen considers this preposition to be ‘probably the same word’ as the above interrogative particle.

Etymology 2
of. The feminine form is a univerbation of, and the plural and dual are derived from the perfect of the verb with a third-person plural or dual suffix pronoun ( or , respectively).

Particle

 * 1)  ; says, said

Usage notes
Like the other quotatives, , and , this word either follows the entire quotation that it marks or is inserted near its start (but never at its start).

This quotative is common in Old and Late Egyptian but restricted to archaic religious texts in Middle Egyptian.

Inflection
Reflecting its verbal origin, this particle’s form can vary depending on the person and number of the speaker:

With the plural form and the dual form, the following noun indicating the speaker is optional.