pathology

Etymology
From, from and.

Noun

 * 1)  The study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences; now usually and especially in the clinical and academic medicine subsenses defined below.
 * 2)   The clinical biomedical specialty that provides microscopy and other laboratory services to clinicians (e.g., cytology, histology, cytopathology, histopathology, cytometry).
 * 3)   The academic biomedical specialty that advances the aspects of the biomedical sciences that allow for those clinical applications and their advancements over time.
 * 4)   Any of several interrelated scientific disciplines that advance the aspects of the life sciences that allow for such technological applications and their advancements over time.
 * 5)  Pathosis: any deviation from a healthy or normal structure or function; abnormality; illness or malformation.
 * 1)   Any of several interrelated scientific disciplines that advance the aspects of the life sciences that allow for such technological applications and their advancements over time.
 * 2)  Pathosis: any deviation from a healthy or normal structure or function; abnormality; illness or malformation.
 * 1)  Pathosis: any deviation from a healthy or normal structure or function; abnormality; illness or malformation.

Usage notes
Some house style guides for medical publications avoid the "illness" sense of and replace it with. The rationale is that the form should be reserved for the "study of disease" sense and for the medical specialty that provides microscopy and other laboratory services (e.g.,, ) to clinicians. This rationale drives similar usage preferences about ("cause" sense versus "study of causes" sense),  ("methods" sense versus "study of methods" sense), and other -ology words.

Not all such natural usage can be purged gracefully, but the goal is to reserve the -ology form to its "study" sense when practical. Not all publications bother with this prescription, because most physicians don't do so in their own speech (and the context makes clear the sense intended).

Another limitation is that has an adjectival form, but the corresponding adjectival form of  (pathotic) is idiomatically missing from English (defective declension), so  is obligate for both senses ("diseased" and "related to the study of disease"); this likely helps keep the "illness" sense of  in natural use (as the readily retrieved noun counterpart to  in the "diseased" sense).

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: патало́гія
 * Bulgarian: патология
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: patologio
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: विकृतिविज्ञान
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic: ,
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: paiteolaíocht
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Latvian: patoloģija
 * Macedonian: патоло́гија
 * Malay: kaji penyakit,
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: patologi
 * Persian: ,
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: palasakitan
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: патоло́гія
 * Vietnamese: bịnh lý học (病理學), bệnh học (病學)


 * Bulgarian: патология
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish:
 * Finnish:
 * Greek: παθολογική ανατομία
 * Indonesian:
 * Macedonian: патоло́гија
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:


 * Bulgarian: патология
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Icelandic: sjúklegt ástand
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Macedonian: нено́рмалност, изро́деност патоло́гија
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Spanish:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: патоло́гія
 * Vietnamese:, , (病理)