quisquam

Etymology
From. Compare to.

Pronoun

 * 1)  anyone
 * 2) * Plautus, Bacchides. In: Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. I of five volumes, 1916, p. 330f.:
 * ne a quoquam acciperes alio mercedem annuam, nisi ab sese, nec cum quiquam limares caput.
 * Not to let you take a yearly fee from anyone else but him, or rub heads with anyone.
 * 1)  anything
 * 1)  anything

Usage notes

 * The negative polarity counterpart of and . Typically used in clauses that contain a preceding negative word, often the conjunction /. In Classical Latin, "nec quisquam" was preferred over "et nēmō". Like other negative polarity items,  can also occur with no preceding negative word in certain contexts, possibly connected by the concept of downward entailment. Other words that can licence its use include  and . It it also used with comparatives. It can be used in conditional or interrogative clauses, but its usage here can overlap with other pronouns, especially the indefinite pronoun . After, , , , it is more usual to find , but  can also occur; it may have a more emphatic sense "any at all" or "any whatsoever".  is not used in -clauses.
 * Like other pronouns, it may take a partitive genitive. The neuter may be used with the genitive singular of a neuter second-declension adjective, e.g. quicquam mali 'anything wrong', or with an agreeing adjective, as in quicquam bonum 'anything good'.
 * The forms in the column labeled "Masc./Fem." are typically used as an indefinite pronoun that takes masculine grammatical agreement but has a generic sense that encompasses anyone regardless of sex. The masculine gender is often used in Latin as a default when referring to persons of unknown gender; compare the masculine interrogative pronoun and negative pronoun.
 * Notes on forms by gender and number:
 * Grammatically feminine forms of this pronoun are rare and very poorly attested in Classical Latin. To express its sense in the feminine, forms of such as, , etc. could be used instead (see Citations:ullus). There are examples of the nominative quisquam and accusative quemquam being used as feminine pronouns by the anteclassical poets  and  (see Citations:quisquam). Alternative, exclusively feminine forms quaequam (nom. sg.) and quamquam (acc. sg.) are mentioned by postclassical grammarians and attested in postclassical texts; however, in the Classical Latin corpus, these forms are unattested as pronouns and scarcely attested as adjectives (see below and see Citations:quaequam). Compare the use of  and  as feminine interrogative pronouns (versus the anteclassical use of  and  in this function). No feminine ablative singular form seems to be attested in Classical Latin outside of adverbial use of quāquam (compare the adverb ) as part of the expressions haud/haut quāquam =  and nec quāquam =  (or in "negas nuptam quaquam" in Pomponius as cited by Charisius ).
 * For the neuter pronoun, the only form in common use is nominative/accusative quidquam/quicquam. (The forms cuiusquam, cuiquam, quōquam are occasionally used as adjectival modifiers of neuter nouns, but are usually masculine rather than neuter when used by themselves as pronouns.) To express the sense of the neuter pronoun in the genitive, dative and ablative, the periphrastic expressions ūllī̆us reī, ūllī reī, and ūllā rē may be used (compare how,  , and   function as suppletive genitive, dative and ablative forms of the indeclinable pronoun  ), as in "sūmptū nē parcās ūllā in rē, quod ad valētūdinem opus sit" (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 16.4.2.8).
 * For the masculine pronoun, the genitive singular cuiusquam is frequent, but  can optionally be used instead. The masculine ablative singular form quōquam is attested as a pronoun in Classical Latin (see Citations:quoquam), but is relatively rare (the form  is more often an adverb). As an alternative,  can be used instead (see Citations:ullus; compare the common use of  in place of .)  An alternative masculine ablative singular form quīquam is found in  and possibly also in Apuleius (see Citations:quiquam).
 * Plural forms are unattested in Classical Latin, as with the corresponding negative pronouns and . The 4th-century grammarian Charisius says the plural is not used: "unum autem adest quam semper singulare. non enim ut quisquam quemquam, sic utique quiquam quosquam dicimus" (Charisius 2, 7).   Forms of  may be used in place of the unused plural forms.

Declension
In practice, forms other than quidquam/quicquam are almost always non-neuter when used as pronouns (and usually grammatically masculine, but in most cases can semantically include any human being regardless of gender); see usage notes. Considered purely in terms of form, cuiusquam, cuiquam, quīquam are theoretically unmarked for grammatical gender, quisquam and quemquam are theoretically marked as non-neuter (i.e masculine or feminine), and quōquam is theoretically marked as non-feminine (i.e. masculine or neuter).

Adjective

 * 1)  any

Usage notes
Depending on the number, gender, case, and meaning of the accompanying noun, forms of the synonymous adjective may be preferred instead. In Classical Latin, only singular forms of are securely attested; when used adjectivally, it appears mostly in combination with masculine nouns that denote persons, such as  or  (compare the use of  as a modifier of a singular personal noun). There are also some attested uses with masculine, feminine or neuter nouns that refer collectively to a group of people, or rarely, with nouns that denote impersonal things.

Classical Latin usage can be summarized as follows:


 * Nominative and accusative forms:
 * Masculine: In the nominative case, Cicero seems to have preferred over  in combination with personal masculine nouns (e.g. quisquam scrīptor), whereas in the accusative case he used both  and  in this context (e.g. quemquam scrīptōrem, ūllum scrīptōrem). With an impersonal masculine noun, the use of quisquam or quemquam rather than ūllus/ūllum is uncommon, but is found several times in Lucretius's poem De Rerum Natura and is sporadically attested in other authors (see Citations:quisquam).
 * Feminine nominative and accusative forms are unattested in Classical Latin, with the single possible exception of quamquam in "ad quamquam rem" in the Epistulae of . The nominative form quaequam seems to be attested only in postclassical Latin. See Citations:quaequam. Usually and  are used instead in combination with feminine nouns, whether personal or impersonal (see Citations:ullus). In the anteclassical poet, the forms quisquam and quemquam can be found with feminine nouns, generally personal or animate ones (e.g. "quisquam alia mulier"; see Citations:quisquam).
 * Neuter nominative/accusative forms are unattested in Classical Latin: usually is used instead in combination with neuter nouns. The form quodquam is attested only in postclassical Latin (see Citations:quodquam). The form quidquam/quicquam is typically used as a pronoun, but in Plautus, there are two attestations of "quicquam facinus", with "quicquam" used as an adjective or in apposition with an accompanying noun (compare the use of  as an adjective).
 * The genitive and dative forms and  seem to have been preferred by Cicero over  and  in combination with a personal masculine noun (i.e. cuiusquam scrīptōris, cuiquam scrīptōrī). Cuiusquam and cuiquam are also attested in combination with feminine and neuter nouns in classical Latin, although rarely (see Citations:quisquam).
 * In the ablative, it seems to have been preferred in Classical Latin to use forms of  instead, even in combination with personal masculine nouns. Quōquam is attested once in combination with a masculine noun in Cicero ("homine quoquam", Pro Roscio Amerino 74.14; contrast with "homine ullo", Pro S. Roscio Amerino 96.6, Pro Cluentio 152.9 and "ullo homine", Pro Ligario 26.5, Epistulae ad Atticum 1.20.1.11) and once in combination with a neuter noun in Suetonius ("quoquam incepto", Divus Julius 59.1). There are numerous additional examples of quōquam as a masculine or neuter adjective in the works of postclassical authors such as Augustine of Hippo. See Citations:quoquam. In Plautus,  the alternative ablative singular form quīquam is attested in combination with masculine nouns ("quiquam homine", "quiquam viro"; see Citations:quiquam).

A full declensional paradigm with feminine singular quaequam, quamquam, quāquam, neuter singular quodquam, and plural forms is given by the late grammatical texts Instituta artium (attributed to a 'Probus', but its author cannot be the grammarian Marcus Valerius Probus) and Ars grammatica by Diomedes Grammaticus. Some of these forms (such as quaequam, quāquam, quodquam) have attested use in postclassical Latin, while others (such as the vocative forms these authors list) may be purely theoretical.