shall

Etymology
From (infinitive ), from  (infinitive ), from, from  (infinitive ), from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬 (infinitive ), 🇨🇬 (infinitive ), 🇨🇬 (infinitive ), 🇨🇬 (infinitive ), 🇨🇬 (infinitive ), 🇨🇬 (infinitive ), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (infinitive ).

Verb

 * (determination): You shall go to the ball!
 * (obligation): Citizens shall provide proof of identity.
 * Shall I help you with that?
 * Shall we go out later?
 * Let us examine that, shall we?
 * 1)  To owe.
 * (obligation): Citizens shall provide proof of identity.
 * Shall I help you with that?
 * Shall we go out later?
 * Let us examine that, shall we?
 * 1)  To owe.
 * Let us examine that, shall we?
 * 1)  To owe.

Usage notes

 * Shall is about one-fourth as common as will in North America compared to in the United Kingdom. Lack of exposure leads many in North America to consider it formal or even pompous or archaic, best reserved for court decisions and legal contracts. North Americans mainly use it in senses two and three.
 * In law, shall is typically used to impose obligation, though the word can also convey discretionary power or recommendation. Due to its ambiguity, some jurisdictions refrain from using the term in law drafting and official writing.
 * In the past, will and shall were interchangeable and synonymous, used similarly as auxiliary verbs for the future tense but separate persons. The simple future tense traditionally used shall for the first person (”I” and “we”), and will for the second and third persons. This distinction existed largely in formal language and gradually disappeared in Early Modern English.
 * I shall go.
 * You will go.
 * An emphatic future tense, indicating volition of the speaker—determination, promise, obligation, or permission, depending on the context—, reverses the two words, using will for the first person and shall for the second and third person.
 * I will go.
 * You shall go.
 * Usage can be reversed in questions and in dependent clauses&mdash;especially with indirect discourse. For example: Shall you do it? anticipates the response I shall do it. Or: he says that he shall win or he expects that he shall win anticipate his saying I shall win, not I will win.
 * The second-person singular form (used with ) is irregular, ., are rare, often hypercorrect.

Translations

 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: Use the present tense or use personal olla + present active participle
 * I shall sing tomorrow - Laulan huomenna or Olen laulava huomenna
 * French: shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense
 * I shall sing tomorrow - Je chanterai demain
 * German:
 * Italian: shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense
 * I shall sing tomorrow - Canterò domani
 * Malay:
 * Norwegian:
 * Old English: sculan
 * Old Saxon: skulan
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: Use the future tense of the verb or present indicative of + the infinitive or the verb "haver de" in the present + infinitive
 * Russian: Use the future perfective or use the future of + imperfective infinitive
 * I will go to the post office — Я пойду́ на по́чту
 * I will be going to the post office — Я бу́ду идти́ на по́чту
 * I will be going back and forth to the post office — Я буду ходи́ть на по́чту
 * Scots: sall
 * Slovak: Use the future perfective or use the future of + imperfective infinitive
 * Spanish: shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense
 * I shall sing tomorrow - Cantaré mañana
 * Swedish: ,
 * West Frisian: sille


 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: use genitive + impersonal olla + present active participle or use genitive + tulee/täytyy/pitää + first infinitive
 * You shall go to the ball! - Sinun on mentävä juhlaan! or Sinun pitää mennä juhlaan!
 * Citizens shall provide identity - Kansalaisten on esitettävä henkilöllisyytensä or Kansalaisten tulee esittää henkilöllisyytensä
 * French: (indicating determination) shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense, which can be emphasised using "bien" or a similar adverbial construction; (indicating obligation) devoir, être obligé de
 * You shall go to the ball! - Mais tu iras bien au bal! or Ah oui, tu iras au bal!
 * Citizens shall provide identity - Les citoyens doivent fournir une pièce d'identité or Les citoyens sont obligés de fournir une pièce d'identité
 * German:
 * Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽
 * Italian: (indicating determination) shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense, which can be emphasised using "sì che" or a similar adverbial construction; (indicating obligation) dovere, essere obbligato di
 * You shall go to the ball! - Sì che andrai al ballo!
 * Citizens shall provide identity - I cittadini devono fornire identificazione or I cittadini sono obbligati a fornire identificazione
 * Korean: ,
 * Latin:
 * Norwegian:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Swedish: ,


 * Finnish: use conditional tense + 
 * Shall we go out later? - Menisimmekö (yhdessä) ulos myöhemmin?
 * French: shall followed by the infinitive is translated by si and the imperfect tense, or, informally, without si and with the present tense
 * Shall we go out later? - Si nous sortions plus tard? or Sortons plus tard?
 * German:
 * Italian: shall followed by the infinitive is translated by the present tense
 * Shall we go out later? - Usciamo più tardi?
 * Japanese:, ましょうか
 * Korean: ᆯ까, ᆯ까
 * Norwegian:
 * Portuguese: Use the imperative tense of the verb or present indicative of + the infinitive
 * Swedish: ,

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) shawl
 * 2) scarf