surname

Etymology
From, a partial calque of , (whence 🇨🇬), from , from  and , equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) The portion of a person's name that is generally hereditary or treated as an indicator of a person's family, which may be shared with other members of the family, or otherwise derived from their names in some fashion; distinguished from that person's given name(s).
 * , an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement.
 * , an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname.
 * 1)  The cognomen of Roman names.
 * 2)   A clan.
 * , an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement.
 * , an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname.
 * 1)  The cognomen of Roman names.
 * 2)   A clan.
 * , an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname.
 * 1)  The cognomen of Roman names.
 * 2)   A clan.
 * 1)   A clan.

Usage notes

 * The term may be used to translate terms from non-English names which carry additional shades of meaning; most notably in the case of Roman cognomens.
 * Both and  are extremely common in all dialects of English, the former being somewhat more preferred in the UK and the latter in the US. However, because of the cultural and gendered associations involved with both terms, the use of  is increasingly preferred in multicultural contexts.

Coordinate terms

 * See ; ;, , ;

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian:
 * Arabic:, كُنْيَة, اِسْم الْعَائِلَة
 * Moroccan Arabic: كنوة, كْنيّة
 * Armenian:
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܟܘܼܢܵܝܵܐ
 * Asturian:
 * Azerbaijani: soyad
 * Bashkir: фамилия
 * Basque: ,
 * Belarusian: про́звішча, про́зьвішча
 * Bengali:
 * Bikol Central:
 * Breton:, anv-familh,
 * Bulgarian: фами́лно и́ме
 * Burmese:
 * Carpathian Rusyn: пру́звище
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chechen: фамили
 * Chichewa: dzina la bambo
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese:, 姓氏
 * Dungan: щин
 * Eastern Min: 姓氏
 * Hokkien:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Wu: 姓, 姓氏
 * Cornish: hanow
 * Czech:
 * Danish:, familienavn, slægtsnavn
 * Dutch: ,
 * Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: tzonquīzcā
 * Esperanto: ,
 * Estonian:
 * Faroese: eftirnavn, ættarnavn
 * Finnish:
 * French:, ,
 * Galician:, alcuño
 * Georgian:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ἐπωνύμιον
 * Gujarati: અટક, ઉપનામ
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: कुलनाम, कुल नाम,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic:, kenninafn,
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:, nama keluarga
 * Ingrian: sukunimi, familia
 * Interlingua: supernomine, nomine de familia, ultime nomine
 * Irish:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, ,
 * Javanese: jeneng pancer
 * Kannada:
 * Kashmiri: کرٛام
 * Kashubian: nôzwëskò
 * Kazakh: тегі, ата-тек
 * Khmer: នាមត្រកូល
 * Korean: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: ,
 * Kyrgyz:, атанаама, , уругат
 * Ladino: alkunya
 * Lao: ຊື່ສະກຸນ, ນາມສະກຸນ, ວົງວານ, ວົງສະກຸນ
 * Latin: cōgnōmen
 * Latvian: uzvārds
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: презиме
 * Malay:
 * Malayalam: കുലനാമം
 * Maltese: kunjom
 * Manchu: ᡥᠠᠯᠠ
 * Manx: sliennoo
 * Maori: ingoa whānau
 * Marathi: आडनाव
 * Mari:
 * Eastern Mari: фамилий, ешлӱм
 * Middle English: surname, surnoun, toname
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: овог нэр,
 * Mongolian: ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ, ᠣᠪᠤᠭ
 * Nepali: थर
 * Northern Sami: sohkanamma, namma, goargu
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, , familienavn, slektsnavn
 * Nynorsk: namn,, familienamn, slektsnamn
 * Occitan:, nom de familha
 * Odia: ଉପନାମ
 * Old English: tōnama
 * Ossetian: мыггаг
 * Ottoman Turkish: لقب
 * Pashto: لقب, کورنی نوم,
 * Persian:
 * Iranian Persian:, اِسْمِ فامیل,
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:, , nome de família, último nome
 * Punjabi:
 * Romanian:, , ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: sloinneadh
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: прѐзиме
 * Roman:
 * Sicilian:
 * Sinhalese: වාසගම
 * Skolt Sami: famiʹljnõmm
 * Slovak: priezvisko
 * Slovene:
 * Sorbian:
 * Upper Sorbian: swójbne mjeno
 * Sotho: fane, difane
 * Spanish:
 * Swabian: Familiename
 * Swahili: jina la ukoo
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog:
 * Tajik:, номи хонаводагӣ
 * Tamil: குடும்பப்பெயர்
 * Tatar: фамилия
 * Telugu:
 * Thai: ,
 * Turkish:, , soyisim
 * Turkmen: familiýa
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu: خانْدانی نام, کُل نام, اُپ نام, لَقَب
 * Uyghur: فامىلە
 * Uzbek: ,
 * Vietnamese:, tên họ
 * Volapük: famülanem
 * Walloon:
 * Welsh: cyfenw
 * White Hmong: xeem
 * Xhosa: ifani
 * Yiddish: משפּחה־נאָמען
 * Zulu: isibongo


 * Swahili:, , ,

Verb

 * 1)  To give a surname to.
 * 2)  To call by a surname.

Translations

 * Esperanto: doni familinomon
 * Finnish: antaa sukunimi
 * French:, donner un surnom
 * Spanish:


 * Finnish: kutsua sukunimellä
 * Spanish:

Statistics
The most common surnames in the United States, as of the (with number of persons bearing said surname) :

1. Smith; 2,442,977

2. Johnson; 1,932,812

3. Williams; 1,625,252

4. Brown; 1,437,026

5. Jones; 1,425,470

6. Garcia; 1,166,120

7. Miller; 1,161,437

8. Davis; 1,116,357

9. Rodriguez; 1,094,924

10. Martinez; 1,060,159

Etymology
, from ; equivalent to. Forms beginning with sir-, syr-, etc. represent reanalysis of the first element as.

Noun

 * 1) epithet, nickname
 * 2) * c. 1400, "St. John Baptist", 928 in W. M. Metcalfe, Legends of the saints: in the Scottish dialect of the fourteenth century (1896), II 249:
 * "enm"
 * "enm"

- Þe thred herrod had alsua til his suornome agrippa.


 * , family name
 * 1) alias, appellation
 * 2) * c. 1395,, Ecclus. XLVII 19:
 * "enm"
 * "enm"

- In the name of the Lord, to whom the surname [toname in the 1382 ed.] is God of Israel.