tôn giáo

Etymology
, from, from two of the five Buddhist principles for interpreting sutras, , namely , , , and. The literal interpretation is ambiguous, either or. Used as a translation of the western Christocentric concept of in response to Western encroachment as well as in efforts to modernize Japan. Earlier alternative translations included, and.

Intentionally misread to avoid Emperor Thiệu Trị's taboo name, Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông (some sources miscite his predecessor Emperor Minh Mạng's name which is not related). The etymologically accurate form,, seems to be currently in use primarily as an unintentional misspelling alongside , sometimes in the same piece of writing. Compare and.