two-spirit

Etymology 1
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Involving two spirits; especially, pertaining to the doctrine of dualism espoused in the so-called Treatise on the Two Spirits in the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Translations

 * Russian: «с двумя́ ду́шами»

Etymology 2
Modern English neologism, coined in 1990 in English and also translated in 1990 into 🇨🇬. Replaced (considered offensive) in anthropological literature.

Noun

 * 1) A Native (North) American gender-variant, homosexual or bisexual person (especially one belonging to a traditional tribal third-gender, fourth-gender or transgender cultural category that has a ceremonial role).

Usage notes

 * "Nations and tribes used various words to describe various genders, sexes and sexualities. Many had separate words for the Western constructs of gays, lesbians, bisexuals, intersex individuals, [etc] ... Even these categories are limiting, because they are based on Western language and ideas rooted in a dichotomous relationship between gender, sex, and sexuality. This language barrier limits our understanding of the traditional roles within Native American/First Nations cultures."
 * "Although two-spirit implies to some a spiritual nature, that one holds the spirit of two, both male and female, traditional Native Americans/First Nations peoples view this as a Western concept. Since historically many "berdache/two-spirit" individuals held religious or spiritual roles, the term two spirit creates a disconnection from the past. The terms used by other tribes currently and historically do not translate directly into the English form of two spirit or the Ojibwa form of niizh manidoowag."

Translations

 * Aleut: ayagigux̂, tayagigux̂
 * Alutiiq: aranu'tiq
 * Arapaho: haxu'xan
 * Arikara: skuxát
 * Assiniboine: wįktą
 * Atsugewi: brumaiwi, yaawa
 * Blackfoot: a'yai-kik-ahsi ; awau-katsik-saki, ninauh-oskiti-pahpyaki
 * Central Siberian Yupik: anasik ; uktasik
 * Cheyenne: he'émáné'e, he'émane ; hetanémáné'e
 * Chiwere: mixo'ge
 * Cocopa: elha, warrhameh
 * Coeur d'Alene: st'amia
 * Cree: ᐁᔨᐦᑵᐤ / êyihkwêw
 * Crow: bate
 * Dakota: wiŋkta/winkta
 * Esperanto: duspiritulo
 * Finnish: kaksisieluinen
 * French:, ,
 * German:
 * Gros Ventre: athuth
 * Hidatsa: miati
 * Hopi: hova
 * Inuktitut: ᓯᐱᓂᖅ/sipiniq
 * Itelmen: koekchuch/коекчуч
 * Kansa: míⁿxoge
 * Keres:
 * Eastern Keres: kokwima
 * Western Keres: kokwimu/kok'we'ma
 * Klamath-Modoc: t'winiːq
 * Kuna: omegiid
 * Kutenai: kupatke'tek, titqattek
 * Lakota: wíŋkte
 * Luiseño: kwit, cuit
 * Mandan: mihdeke
 * Mapudungun: weye
 * Maricopa: ilyaxai', kwiraxame'
 * Mojave: alyha, hwame
 * Navajo: nádleeh, nádleehé
 * Nomlaki: walusa
 * Northern Paiute: tüdayapi
 * Ojibwe: ikwekaazo ; ininiikaazo
 * Omaha-Ponca: mix'uga
 * Pawnee: kúsaat / ckúsaat
 * Portuguese: dois-espíritos
 * Potawatomi: m'netokwe
 * Quechua: quariwarmi
 * Quileute: yah'wa
 * Russian:
 * Southern Tiwa: lhunide
 * Spanish: dos espíritus
 * Tewa: kwido
 * Tlingit: gatxan
 * Upper Kuskokwim: aranaruaq, angutnguaq
 * Ventureño: 'aqi
 * Wailaki: clele
 * Western Apache: ndéʼsdzan
 * Yokuts:
 * Kings River Yokuts: tonoo'tcim
 * Palewyami: tonocim
 * Southern Valley Yokuts: tonochim
 * Yuki: í-wa-musp, íwap náip / ipnaip , musp-íwap náip ; iwap kuti
 * Yuma: elxa', kwe'rhame
 * Yurok: wergern / wrgrn
 * Zapotec: (ira') muxe
 * Zuni: lhamana ; katsotse / katsotstsi' / katsotstsi

Adjective

 * 1) Pertaining to or being a two-spirit.
 * 2) * 1997, Lester B. Brown, Two Spirit People: American Indian, Lesbian Women and Gay Men,, page 88,
 * In Canada there are now aboriginal (as we are termed in Canadian English) AIDS projects in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Nova Scotia, due almost entirely to the efforts of two-spirit (gay/lesbian) people.
 * 1) * 1997, Lester B. Brown, Two Spirit People: American Indian, Lesbian Women and Gay Men,, page 88,
 * In Canada there are now aboriginal (as we are termed in Canadian English) AIDS projects in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Nova Scotia, due almost entirely to the efforts of two-spirit (gay/lesbian) people.
 * In Canada there are now aboriginal (as we are termed in Canadian English) AIDS projects in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Nova Scotia, due almost entirely to the efforts of two-spirit (gay/lesbian) people.

Translations

 * Esperanto: duspirita
 * Finnish: kaksisieluinen
 * French: