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Proto-Indo-European
[edit]
*túh₂
- you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)
Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
|
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
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nominative
|
*tī̆ (tū̆)
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*yuh₁ (?yūh₁)
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*yūs (?yuHs)
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accusative
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*t-wé ~ *te
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*uh₁-wé ~ *wō̆h₁
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*usmé ~ *wō̆s
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genitive
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*té-we ~ *tos (adj.)
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?
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*usóm ~ *wō̆s
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ablative
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*tw-ét
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?
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*usm-ét
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dative
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*tébʰi ~ *tey, *toy
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?
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*usm-éy ~ *wō̆s
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Donald Ringe's reconstruction
|
|
singular
|
dual
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plural
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nominative
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*túh₂
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*yú
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*yū́
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accusative
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*twé ~ *te
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*uh₃wé ~ *woh₃
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*uswé ~ *wos
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genitive
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*téwe ~ *toy
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?
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? ~ *wos
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dative
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*tébʰye ~ *toy
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?
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? ~ *wos
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Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction
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Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European
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singular
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plural
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nominative
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*tuH
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*yuH
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accusative
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*twe(ge) ~ *twē (?)
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*us ~ *wōs (?)
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genitive
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*tewe ~ *toi
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?
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dative
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*tebʰi ~ *toy
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?
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oblique
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*twe-
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*us- ~ *wos
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Outer-Anatolian IE
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singular
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plural
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nominative
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*tuH
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*yuH
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oblique
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*tew-/*tu-
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*us-
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enclitic
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*toy
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*wos
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Proto-Indo-European
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singular
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plural
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nominative
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*tíh₁
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?
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accusative
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*tu-
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?
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oblique
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*tu-
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?
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Robert Beekes' reconstruction
|
|
singular
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plural
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nominative
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*tuH
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*yuH
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accusative
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*twé
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*usmé ~ *wōs
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genitive
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*téwe ~ *toy
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*yus(er)o- ~ *wos
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ablative
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*twed
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*usmed
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dative
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*tébʰio ~ *toi
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*usmey
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locative
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*tóy
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*usmi
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instrumental
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*tóy
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?
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poss. adj.
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*twos
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*usos
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Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction
|
|
singular
|
dual
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plural
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nominative
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*tu-
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*yuh₁-
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*yu-
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accusative
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*twe
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*uh₁e
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*usme
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genitive
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*tewe
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*woh₁
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*wos
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ablative
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*twed
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?
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?
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dative
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*tubʰi
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?
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?
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locative
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*toy
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*uh₁i
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*usmi
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Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction
|
|
singular
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plural
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nominative
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*tí(H)
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*yúH(s)
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accusative
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*twé
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*wōs
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genitive
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*téwe ~ *toy
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*wos/*wes
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ablative
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*twéd
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?
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dative
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*toy
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?
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poss. adj.
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*twos
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*us-tero-s?
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- *tewos (from gen. *téwe)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τεός (teós)
- Proto-Italic: *towos
- Old Latin: tovos
- Latin: tuus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian: *tū (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)
- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ, *tu (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *tū (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *þū (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *tú (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túH (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *tū (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: tu
- Tocharian B: tuwe
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008). "Some Indo-Uralic Aspects of Hittite". The Journal of Indo-European Studies 36:1-2.
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Bičanová, Lenka, Blažek, Václav (2014) “Indo-European personal pronouns: limits of theirs internal reconstruction”, in Linguistica Brunensia, volume 62, number 1, page 29
- Oshiro, Terumasa (1988) “Some Luwian words of Indo-European origin”, in Orient, volume 24, page 50: “(8) your (1097)”